What is geotechnical and geological engineering?

Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering that deals with the behavior and properties of earth materials, such as soil, rocks, and groundwater, and the design of earth structures, such as buildings, bridges, roads, tunnels, and dams. It involves the application of principles of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and engineering geology to solve engineering problems related to soil-structure interaction, slope stability, foundation design, earth retaining systems, and groundwater control.

Geological engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of geoscience and engineering that applies geological and geotechnical principles to the design, construction, and operation of civil engineering projects, with a focus on natural hazards and environmental issues. It involves the assessment and mitigation of geological hazards, such as landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and sinkholes, as well as the investigation and remediation of contaminated sites and geological resources, such as minerals, fossil fuels, and groundwater. Geological engineers work in collaboration with other professionals, such as geologists, geophysicists, hydrologists, and environmental scientists, to ensure the safety, sustainability, and resilience of the built environment and natural systems.